The Career - Practicing Pediatrics - 1275 Words

Lauren Ruminer Mrs. Lozares English II 15 February 2017 Practicing Pediatrics The career I had in mind to pursue throughout my life is Pediatrics. I have always wanted to work with kids and help them feel better, but what is a pediatrician you may ask? What is it that pediatricians do all day? Pediatricians Diagnose, treat, and help prevent children’s diseases and injuries. They examine children regularly to assess their growth and development and treat them with the proper medications, therapy, vaccinations, and other medical care. As well as collecting, recording, and maintaining patient information. Pediatricians can be employed anywhere from Physician’s offices to Hospitals and Clinics or even starting their own business as an†¦show more content†¦Following medical school, almost all M.D’s or Doctorates of medicine enter a graduate medical education, which is usually in a hospital. All states require you to have a license. To be licensed, Physicians must have graduated from an accredited medical school and pass a licensing exa mination. Students also need to complete 1 to 7 years of graduate medical education. Although Physicians can be licensed in one state, they usually can get a license to practice in another without looking into anything further (OK Career Guide.org). The AAP reports that the average Pediatrician works about 50 hours per week.This includes time spent in the office, visiting patients in the hospital, doing paperwork, and being on call after-hours. Most Pediatricians also take either a 1/2 day or full day off during the week. depending if they travel, do in-home visits or even stay on call constantly. Typically they work in small private offices or clinics being assisted by nurses and staff. Pediatricians can work in a group with other practitioners or even independently, group practice coordinates care for a number of patients, they are less independent than the solo practitioners. Most Pediatricians make themselves available to their patients after regular office hours, including nights and weekends so they will always be there for a patient (American Academy of Pediatricians.org). When on call, a doctor answers phone callsShow MoreRelatedThe Career Of A Pediatric Nurse Practitioner1233 Words   |  5 PagesPediatric Nurse Practitioner According to Orison Swett Morden â€Å"There is no medicine like hope, no incentive so great, and no tonic so powerful as expectation of something better tomorrow†. The career of a pediatric nurse practitioner is fulfilling, because of helping others. The research will describe the career of a pediatric nurse practitioner, what is required to become a victorious nurse practitioner, and the impact this career have on the world (100 Entertaining Inspiring Quotes for Nurses†)Read MoreThe Career Of A Pediatric Nurse Practitioner1226 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"There is no medicine like hope, no incentive so great, and no tonic so powerful as expectation of something better tomorrow†. The career of a pediatric nurse practitioner is fulfilling, because of helping others. The research will describe the career of a pediatric nurse practitioner, what is required to become a victorious nurse practitioner, and the impact this career have on the world (100 Entertaining Inspiring Quotes for Nurses†) The early history of a nurse practitioner was in the earlyRead MoreA Interview On Palmetto Health Baptist1182 Words   |  5 Pagesbefore her scheduled shift. Palmetto Health Baptist is a big staff working hospital. This hospital is great to work for and not just for pediatric nurses but also for other health science majors. Palmetto Hospital has the greatest dedicated staff, making sure your questions are answered and your concerns are worriless. My interview was with Lakysha Jones, a pediatric nurse at Palmetto Health Baptist in Columbia, SC. Among the different sections in the hospital Lakysha and are were on the birth centerRead MoreThe School Of Nursing Scholarship At The Catholic University Of America777 Words   |  4 Pagesability to build relationships and render heightened levels of care to patients in need. †¨ My scholastic attainment began while attending the Catholic University of America, followed by my experiences throughout my 7 years of employment as a devoted pediatric nurse. Nursing school at the Catholic University of America provided me with the highest education and clinical rotations to pave the way for my future as a nurse. Playing field hockey while attending nursing school built a strong foundation forRead MorePersonal Statement For Nursing Leadership962 Words   |  4 PagesAdvocate and Nursing Leadership Throughout our nursing careers we have come into a situation where we needed to advocate for our patient or co-worker. It takes leadership skills, respect, and accountability to advocate in our workplace. Moreover, in order to create change one must first evaluate the issue then set goals to implement the plan. The purpose of this paper is to discuss my weaknesses and strengths to nursing, use of current leadership skills to advocate change in the workplace, andRead MoreThe Ultimate Test Of A Moral Society867 Words   |  4 Pagessister as a concerned mother. Being involved in taking care of Abdulaziz was one of the factors that inspired me to consider Pediatrics as a future career. In College, during my studies in Pediatrics, I got the highest mark in the class. In my clerkship, I took my electives in Pediatrics and at that time I knew Pediatrics was my destiny. I applied for a very competitive Pediatrics scholarship program, and I was accepted. I always aim to be as professional and compassionate as Abdulaziz s doctor wasRead MoreAccording to California Career Zone, a Pediatrician is a physician who diagnose, treat, and help600 Words   |  3 PagesAccording to California Career Zone, a Pediatrician is a physician who diagnose, treat, and help prevent children’s diseases and injuries. Pediatricians are also known as, Baby doctors, Adolescent Medicine Specialist, General Pediatrician, Medical Doctor (MD), etc.. Pediatricians care for infants, children, teenagers, and young adults. Some pediatricians specialize in pediatric surgery or serious medical conditions. A pediatrician is concerned with the physical, emotional, and social health of childrenRead MoreBecoming A Doctor For The Medical Field1639 Words   |  7 PagesEver since I was six years old, I already knew that I wanted to pursue a career in the medical field. Although I excel more in Mathematics, I always find the field of Science, specifically Biology and Anatomy and Physiology, extremely interesting and informing. Perhaps, it is due to the idea that these subjects require a huge amount of memorizing, which I personally enjoy doing. Also, I appreciate its challenging nature, and the fact that the information it has keeps changing and impro ving everytimeRead MorePhysician Assistant ( Pa )1051 Words   |  5 PagesPhysician Assistant. To become a highly involved, medical assistant typically a Masters level of education is required. As described previously, the occupation is a physically and mentally draining responsibility in a fast-paced environment. Although the career is a demanding one, the pay of $97,000 a year makes it worth it, along with helping patients in need. Depending on the severity of helping a patient in need, may result in a depressing state of mind which could be challenging for new PA s not usedRead MoreWhat Age Range Of Patients Do You Prefer For Work With And Why?937 Words   |  4 Pages1. What age range of patients do you prefer to work with and why? I prefer to work with women and pediatric patients from birth onward. I have always worked with children, until this last year when I started a care partner position on a medical surgical unit. I was nervous to work with older adults for the first time and still find myself longing to interact with younger patients. Although I feel much less comfortable providing care for the older adult population, this has definitely been a good

Sex Education in Nigeria - 7622 Words

This is the html version of the file http://www.arsrc.org/downloads/uhsss/adepoju_sexed.pdf. Google automatically generates html versions of documents as we crawl the web. Page 1 1AFRICA REGIONAL SEXUALITY RESOURCE CENTRE Understanding Human Sexuality Seminar Series 3Sexuality Education in Nigeria: Evolution, Challenges and Prospects ADUNOLA ADEPOJU (PhD) Department of Arts and Social Sciences Faculty of Education University of Lagos Nigeria Lagos, Nigeria March 24, 2005  © ARSRC 2005 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 2 2Introduction Ancient theories and ideologies about sexuality, circled around the power of dreams, the individual as a sexual being, the power of self cultivation and†¦show more content†¦The interrelationship of biological, psychological and socio-cultural dimensions determines the total personality of an individual. Ikpe (2004) postulated that â€Å"Sexuality defines the very essence of one’s humanity including one’s self–image, being male or female, physical looks and reproductive capacity; that is sexuality is a natural part of life. It is about the way we are made, how we feel about ourselves, what roles we play in the society and how we procreate†. Culture as a way of life determines, to a large extent, human behaviour. It is patterned, learned, shared and adaptive and is transmittable from one generation to the other (Basso, 1997). Culture has a way of influencing every thing we do. It can be perpetuated and has the potential to overpower i ntervention programmes and educational innovations. Religious and spiritual beliefs influence feelings about morality, sexual behaviour, pre-marital sexual behaviour, adultery, divorce, contraception, abortion and masturbation (Greenberg et al 2000). Sexuality education can be seen as yet another religion which is not necessarily different from what already obtains.What is Sexuality Education? Sexuality education has been givenShow MoreRelatedHiv And Its Effects On Nigeria, Lower Respiratory Infections, And Hiv ( Cdc )884 Words   |  4 PagesAs of 2013, the CDC listed that the top 3 causes of mortality in Nigeria are malaria, lower respiratory infections, and HIV (CDC, 2013). HIV is the third leading cause of deaths in Nigeria and account for 9% of all deaths (CDC, 2013). HIV is the virus that causes AIDS, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It can be contracted through the exchange of bodily fluids with another infected individual. In Nigeria, the spread of HIV occurs thro ugh high prostitution rates, unsafe sexual practices,Read MoreAids : Hiv And Aids1144 Words   |  5 PagesHIV/AIDS IN NIGERIA Introduction The first case of HIV was reported in 1981 and since then, it has spread rapidly turning into a pandemic (WHO 2014). Thirty-five million people currently live with HIV worldwide and 2.1 million deaths were recorded in 2013 (WHO 2014). HIV in the WHO African region is the highest in the world as the continent bears 70% of the disease burden (WHO AFRO 2013). In 2013, 24 million people in Africa were reported to be living with HIV. One of the high burden countries inRead MoreHiv Is A Human Immunodeficiency Virus1721 Words   |  7 Pageswhich is an acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. In Nigeria, Africa millions of people have the disease of AIDS and HIV. There is not many treatment options or solutions for this serious issue that takes place all over the country. There are a few aspects one must understand about this movement to fully understand its importance, whether those are what exactly HIV/AIDS is and how deadly it actually is, how potently it is actually affecting Nigeria and ot her countries, and what can be done in hopesRead MoreAids, Hiv, And Aids1726 Words   |  7 Pageswhich is an acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. In Nigeria, Africa millions of people have the disease of AIDS and HIV. There is not many treatment options or solutions for this serious issue that takes place all over the country. There are a few aspects one must understand about this movement to fully understand its importance, whether those are what exactly HIV/AIDS is and how deadly it actually is, how potently it is actually affecting Nigeria and other countries, and what can be done in hopesRead MoreLow Life Expectancy in Developing Country of Nigeria666 Words   |  3 Pagesdiseases such as HIV/AIDS. This essay will look at the main causes of these problems and give possible solutions, taking Nigeria as a case study, where life expectancy is 52 years with a rank of 182 out of 194 nations (WORLD HEALTH REPORT 2000). It will conclude by arguing that media and government need to ta ke a more active approach to tackle these problems in developing countries. Nigeria has over 160 million people and one of the major problems effecting life expectancy is the HIV virus and acquiredRead MoreEffects of Divorce on the Academic Achievement of a Child959 Words   |  4 PagesNigeria: Effects of Divorce On Children s Education By Gimba Abdullahi Liman, 15 June 2012 Related Topics * Nigeria Nigeria: Malabu Oil - How Shell, ENI Brokere... * Children Tanzania: Child Mortality Cases Decline Ads by Google * Need a Cheap Divorce Now? Let us help you find the CheapestDivorce Lawyer for your needs. www.PriceNet.co.za/Lawyers * Investec Rhino Lifeline Investec amp; Dr Fowlds Aim to RaiseAwareness of the Rhino Crisis. www.RhinoLifeline.co.za DivorceRead MoreI Am From Two Different Cultural Backgrounds, Which Makes Me Multicultural?1530 Words   |  7 PagesCount- MY LIFE JOURNEY SO FAR My name is Oluwadolanimi Zoe Tope-Banjoko; I was born on the 30th of April, 1999, in Nigeria. I am from two different cultural backgrounds, which makes me Multicultural. Nigeria is a very big country with very diverse culture. There are 36 states in Nigeria, with more than 250 ethnic groups , and over 521 languages. I raised in Nigeria and spent my most fundamental years there. I have three siblings, two older sisters and a twin brother. My oldest sisterRead MoreExamining Knowledge Attitude And Sexual Practice Towards Hiv / Aids Among Students1008 Words   |  5 PagesEXAMINING KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDE AND SEXUAL PRACTICE TOWARDS HIV/AIDS AMONG SENIOR SECONDARY STUDENTS IN NIGERIA: A PUBLIC HEALTH ANALYSIS BY RASHEEDAT OLUWAKEMI OJIKUTU AND MONSURAT OLUBUKOLA OJIKUTU INTRODUCTION Several studies were reviewed to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice towards HIV/AIDS among secondary schools students in Nigeria, in order to determine the existing gaps and to provide future recommendations. Specific Aims The specific aims for this review are as follows;Read MoreMy Parents Generation Essay1054 Words   |  5 PagesMy Parents’ Generation Marriage, Education and Gender Roles There is a division of labor by sex in my parents’ generation. Men go out and get paid employment, and women take on domestic jobs such as taking care of the children, cooking and cleaning duties around the house. In my mother’s family, she stated things were different. In other families, the education of boys over girls was more favorable. However, her father had been a principal of a school, so herself, her sisters, and her brother allRead MoreGlobal Fight For A Greener Planet And Sustainable Forest Management1468 Words   |  6 Pagesannually. At 11.1%, Nigeria s annual deforestation rate of natural forest is the highest in the world and puts it on pace to lose virtually all of its primary forest within a few years (Rhett, 2005). Many of the environmental problems encountered globally today, are being attributed to deforestation and subsequent conversion of forest lands into other land uses. This has led to a global fight for a greener planet and sustainable fores t management. As such, forestry education is seen as a potent

The Portrayal Of Mental Illness - 962 Words

Portrayal of mental illness in media, films and television programmes is extensive and predominantly preserves myths and stereotypes about mental illness. People with mental illness are most commonly shown as being violent and aggressive, but they are also frequently depicted as tragic, tortured, genius, dangerous, eccentric, flamboyant, hysterical, sexual, jokers and rebels. Mental health professionals are variously portrayed as incompetent, sinister, unrealistically seductive or rationalist foils that come up with scientific arguments to explain supernatural phenomena only to be wrong at the end. A skewed picture of mental health treatment is presented with an emphasis on those treatments that serve entertainment purposes, e.g. psychotherapy is generally and unrealistically represented since they give the audience an introduction into the mind of the character undergoing treatment and have melodramatic potential respectively, whereas drug therapies which are more commonly used and usually more effective but do not further the plot are not visually interesting are rare in films. The idea of portraying mental illness is often heavily criticised. Some evidence would suggest that extremely impressive and persuading portrayals can have negative effects (Elder, R. 2005), spreading the disfigured view associated with mental illness and reducing the likelihood that those with mental illness will seek the appropriate help. Studies were conducted using focus groups and surveysShow MoreRelatedThe Portrayal Of Mental Illness1972 Words   |  8 PagesThe portrayal of mental illness to the public has a very important part in the discovery, understanding and treatment of them. Common misconceptions and assumptions can be damaging to people with such illnesses by the development of social stigmas and creation of outcasts in situations where support is needed. In modern times communication to the public about mental illness comes in a variety of ways, some accurate and some not. Movies are an example of a medium which has high potential for erroneousRead MoreThe Portrayal Of An Issue Like Mental Illness1328 Words   |  6 PagesThe portrayal of an issue like mental illness is totally vulnerable to misrepresentation. Depending on who is writing and their viewpoint, it does not take much to make this issue sympathetic or demonized. If the author of a given piece wants his or her audience to demonize something, the author might use the word isolation†. If that same author wants a sympathetic response he might use the word loneliness†. As far as the New York Times is concerned, they opted for a stereotypical portrayal. ItRead More False Portrayal of Mental Illness in the Media1110 Words   |  5 Pages False Portrayal of Mental Illness in the Media Protagonist The movie â€Å"The Roommate,† revolves around a young girl named Sarah (Minka Kelly) who is starting her freshman year of college. Little does she know that she has a roommate that is diagnosed with numerous mental disorders that she is not treating by taking her medication. When they are initially acquainted as roommates, Sara comes across as being innocent and depicts very normal behavior. However, as soon as Rebecca and Sarah become closerRead MoreMedia Portrayal of Mental Illness in America4048 Words   |  17 PagesMedia Portrayal of Mental Illness in America The media in American society has a major influential impact on the minds and beliefs of millions of people. Whether through the news, television shows, or film, the media acts as a huge database for knowledge and instruction. It is both an auditory and visual database that can press images and ideas into peoples minds. Even if the individual has no prior exposure or knowledge to something, the media can project into peoples minds and leave a lastingRead MoreEssay on Media Portrayal of Mental Illness in America3893 Words   |  16 Pages Media Portrayal of Mental Illness in America The media in American society has a major influential impact on the minds and beliefs of millions of people. Whether through the news, television shows, or film, the media acts as a huge database for knowledge and instruction. It is both an auditory and visual database that can press images and ideas into peoples minds. Even if the individual has no prior exposure or knowledge to something, the media can project into peoples minds and leave a lastingRead MoreThe Portrayal of Mental Illness in â€Å"Girl, Interrupted† Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesThe Portrayal of Mental Illness in â€Å"Girl, Interrupted† The film â€Å"Girl, Interrupted† is a true story adapted from the original memoir by Susanna Kaysen. Set in the 1960s, it relates her experiences during her stay in a mental institution after being diagnosed with borderline personality disorder following a suicide attempt. Many films include characters with a mental illness; the actors who play these characters have the immense challenge of staying true to the illness they portray. The mainRead MoreMental Illness And Its Effects On The Media Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Mental illness is often wrongly portrayed in the United States’ media creating stigmatization and misrepresentation. Mental illness â€Å"refers to a wide range of mental disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015). Examples of disorders include anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Any â€Å"negative attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are called stigma† (Wilson et al., 2016, p. 2) and stigma can contributeRead MoreMental Illness And The Media1540 Words   |  7 PagesIn the media when you hear the word â€Å"mental illness† most of the time its associated with words like â€Å"dangerous,† â€Å"monster,† or better yet â€Å"psychopath†. Shawn M Phillips in â€Å"mental illness in popular culture† (p.64) states that at the end of the day, â€Å"mental illness and disabilities are all just clustered into one vague group of â€Å"deviantsâ €  by popular culture.† This is not to say it isn t ever associated with positive words like â€Å"beautiful,† â€Å"normal,† and â€Å"kind. The media should be flooded with moreRead MoreHow Does The United States Media Affects Mental Illness? Essay998 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Question How does the United States media, specifically in television, portray mental illness? Methodology Modern television shows will be analyzed to find any indication of a shift from misrepresentation of the mentally ill to a portrayal that does not represent them as incapable or unable to perform well socially in the real world, or in a job. Shows such as Grey’s Anatomy and Homeland will be evaluated based on the correct representation of disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorderRead MoreThe Stigma Of The Mentally Ill1498 Words   |  6 Pagesviolent, incompetent, or weird. Even without the negative stereotypes, there are some who consider mentally ill people a burden on society simply because they don’t believe mental illnesses are actual diseases. For the people like myself who haven’t had any interactions with the mentally ill, we get our information about mental illness from mass media. The media is of no help to the mentally ill either, though the media may occasionally portray a mentally ill character as quirky or bighearted, they are

Nature Vs. Nurture An Individual s Criminal Behavior Essay

The objective of this study is to examine whether it is nature or nurture who plays the most vital role in a human’s behavior, specifically an individual’s criminal behavior. Criminal behavior is defined as an act or failure to act in a way that violates public law. Some believe that criminal behavior can be identified as early as conception, meaning that criminal behavior is because of your genes. While others believe that one’s upbringing and social learning environment directly contributes to the individual’s criminal behavior. This paper will provide the history on the ongoing debate of nature vs. nurture and answer the question of whether it is Review of the Literature This controversial debate has existed since 1869, when the phrase Nature Versus Nurture was coined by the English polymath, Francis Galton. Nature refers to what we are born with and includes our biology, genetics, and similar characteristics. In contrast, nurture refers to what is learned, through our cultural community and other individuals. For anthropologists, this debate often centers on the influences of nature and nurture in different cultural elements. Both nature and nurture influences affect the human beings and their culture. The book On the Origin of Species written by Charles Darwin had a significant impact on Francis Galton. In Galton’s two publication, Hereditary Genius (1869) and English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture (1874), he explored the world of inheritance andShow MoreRelatedDevelopmental Psychology1194 Words   |  5 PagesElam, K. K., Harold, G. T., Neiderhiser, J. M., Reiss, D., Shaw, D. S., Natsuaki, M. N., . . . L eve, L. D. (2014). Adoptive parent hostility and children’s peer behavior problems: Examining the role of genetically informed child attributes on adoptive parent behavior. Developmental Psychology, 50(5), 1543-1552. This source goes against the belief that nature and nurture even paly that much of a significant role in the way children grow up to portray themselves. Elam and Shaw say that it’s all aboutRead MoreSerial Killers Statistics : Serial Killer Statistics Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesRetrieved July 28, 2016 from http://faculty.fortlewis.edu/burke_b/forensic/class%20readings/murder.pdf In this article, the focus is on comparing the traits and similarities of the seven killers interviewed in order to increase knowledge on the behaviors behind the serial murderers. The interview covers the perpetrators backgrounds, their personal views of themselves, and the world. Consequently, this approach will reveal the deepest thoughts of a killer’s brain. Guy, F. (2015, July 8). Inside theRead MoreChild Development: Heredity and Environment1240 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween nature versus nurture or even environment versus heredity leads to the question of: does the direct environment or the nature surrounding an adolescent directly influence acts of delinquency, later progressing further into more radical crimes such as murder or psychotic manifestation, or is it directly linked to the hereditary traits and genes passed down from that individual adolescent’s biological parents? To answer this question one must first understand the difference between nature, nurtureRead MoreFrankenstein : Are Monsters Born Or Created?1058 Words   |  5 Pagesthe novel Frankenstein written by Mary Shelley, the creature is subjected to countless acts of violence and rejection. For a monster to develop, one must have been formerly exploited either by an individual or their society. The creature is not only a physical product of science, but his atrocious behavior is also an explicit result of Victor’s actions toward him. The creature was not born a monster, but slowly morphed into one as he experiences violence and rejection from his society. Monsters areRead MoreEssay on Unit 7 Ps3301380 Words   |  6 Pagesdivestiture of egocentrism with a better understanding of the self and the relationship of the self to others (Schultz, Schultz, 2008). Cognition is a person’s competencies to describe what they are able to do. Knowing that one can perform a certain behavior does not mean that they will do so. (Cloninger, Friedman, Schustack, 2010, page 373) Behavioral and physiological research generally supports Eysenck’s view. When introverts and extraverts are presented with a range of intense stimuli, introvertsRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Macbeth, The Tale Of One Man s Ambition And Insanity1498 Words   |  6 PagesDefying the laws of society has been around for centuries, for it is human nature to consist a mixture of rule-followers and nonconformists in the commonwealth. While committing a crime is considered immoral and an infringement of human decency, there are underlying causes for the atrocity. Between addiction, drugs, pressure, and desperation, there are many outer influences as to why someone would commit a crime. Some causes can turn any ordinary person into an offender, while others are hard wiredRead More Serial Killers: Nature vs. Nurture Essay662 Words   |  3 PagesSerial Killers: Nature vs. Nurture The question of whether or not man is predetermined at birth to lead a life of crime is a question that has been debated for decades. Are serial killers born with the lust for murder, or are their desires developed through years of abuse and torment? Many believe it is impossible for an innocent child to be born with the capability to commit a horrible act such as murder. But at the same time, how could we have corrupted society so much as to turn an innocentRead MoreCriminal Profiling And The Criminal Justice System1117 Words   |  5 Pagesa person from the rest of society. Criminal profiling is the approach that an individual who commits a crime, may leave some sort of psychological evidence that can be crucial to an investigation. This theory is a vital part of the criminal justice system today. Criminology targets why individuals commit crimes and why they behave in certain situations. By understanding why a person commits a crime, you can develop ways to control crime or change the criminal to a certain extent. There are manyRead MoreSerial Killers : Nature Vs. Nurture Essay1993 Words   |  8 PagesSerial Killers: Nature vs. Nurture Crime over the years has become a very popular subject. There are countless movies, shows, books and documentaries about such events. Individuals are very entertained for one reason or another by these types of shows. There have been many discussions, debates and research studies done particularly pertaining to the question â€Å"What causes someone to become a serial killer?† Psychologists, criminologists and scientists agree that the Nature nurture debate is the mostRead MoreHumans Learn Ethics From Their Environment1597 Words   |  7 PagesHumans Learn Ethics from their Environment There has been a huge debate throughout the years as to whether human beings are ethical by nature or whether ethics is acquired in other ways. Christian Keyser’s research has evidence showing that humans are ethical by nature; conversely the Milgram experiment propagates that humans are not ethical by nature. Humans learn ethics as a result of their genetic predisposition, as well as, environmental factors such as: culture, socialization, and nurturing

Anti Obama Care Persuasive Speech Free Essays

On July 25th President Obama paid a visit to the town of Jacksonville, Florida home to a large percentage of goods imported and exported that helps fuel the economy. The purpose of his visit was to indoctrinate the principle of Obama Care. In his speech the president informed the public of an agglomeration of ideas as to why Obama Care will help the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Anti Obama Care Persuasive Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now And like most of his ideas it requires more spending and a bigger wage for the federal government. As most hardworking Americans know the government does like to take its eye off the financial difficulties of the middle class. But in reality the most devastating impact on the economy is the future existence of Obama Care. When Obama care is put into use this will require every American to have health insurance. And if not they will have to pay 90$ a month or up to 1% of their salary. Mr. President with unemployment at 7. 6% how is it constitutional to force millions of Americans to pay for insurance they simply cannot afford? The answer is it’s not. The Obamacare law mandates that individuals must maintain health ­insurance coverage for themselves and their dependents or pay a penalty. Similarly, it requires employers with 50 or more full ­time workers to provide those workers with health ­insurance coverage. When obama was sworn into office he took and oath that stated â€Å"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States† How to cite Anti Obama Care Persuasive Speech, Essays

Favorite Place free essay sample

Comfort is something that is not easy to come by. There are many habits and simple pleasures that we indulge in to escape from the everyday stress of life. However, there is one treatment for stress that can provide an ideal amount of comfort. That treatment is being in your favorite place. Kingsley Lake has become an annual vacation spot every summer for my family and also for short weekend getaways. For this reason, Kingsley has become my favorite place to be to escape from the world for a while and enjoy myself. From the start of the day, and all the way to the end of one, the lake never fails to let me down in any aspect. Over the several memorable years of vacationing there, observing the sunrises became a daily routine. The sheer beauty of the scarlet red sun as it peaks over the pines is an addicting sight as it delivers the first of the day’s heat. We will write a custom essay sample on Favorite Place or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Faint sounds of hummingbirds catch my attention in the morning as well while they mingle around in the dense flower garden. The serene relaxation of the morning doesn’t last long however, because my dad never fails to strike up singing as he bakes muffins or mixes pancake batter in the kitchen. But his poor singing voice is always forgiven due the aroma of his pancakes and muffins that he has perfected over the years. Since my hunger rises from the smell slowly filling the rest of the lake house, I’ll usually distract myself with a warm cup of coffee that never fails to burn my mouth. The sound of feet fumbling down the stairs is the next thing I hear as my family and cousins wake up with the strengthening sunlight. After breakfast we all become anxious to go for a swim after eating breakfast. The walk down to the dock and into the water is always bitter sweet as the heat and humidity hit me like a wall. I always become quickly acclimated to the heat and race across the smoldering dock towards the water. The sight of all my sisters, brothers, and cousins all leaping into the water always causes me to laugh, since they all try to barrel down the dock to beat everyone to the water. Sounds of splashing and laughter became the only thing that is heard from the dock for the remainder of the day. The only thing to interrupt it is the roar of the boat engine as it fires up and takes us all out to tube or water ski. After several hours down at the lake the only thing left to stop the fun is a slight feeling of exhaustion, accompanied by a raging hunger. Soon my aunt and step-mom will have enough barbeque pork, beans, roles, and potato salad ready to feed an army. At this point everyone rushes up stairs to get some much needed nourishment. The bright blue sky soon will fade to darkness after the several hours of feasting. The only thing left to do is to take the boat out one more time for some night fishing. The anticipation of an unlikely success is what fuels my brothers and me to embark on this fishing experience. The sight of a fishing rod bending over backward when I get a big bite is enough motivation for me. As the midnight hour approaches, a well-deserved sit on the porch is the next thing on my list. The smell of a cheap cigar fills the air as my uncle cracks jokes and tokes. Soon the overwhelming exhaustion will get the best of me and I’ll refresh myself once more in the shower and crash into the sheets of the bed. When a day at the lake draws to an end I can only hope to savor the last of the remaining days left.

Padma Bridge Financing free essay sample

A number of the ferryboats are obsolete; they are often overloaded and there are frequent accidents, some resulting in considerable loss of life. The construction of the Padma Bridge will replace the unreliable and unsafe ferry connection with a reliable and safe fixed river crossing. The bridge will shorten the distance from the Southwest to Dhaka by 100 km and travelling time will be considerably reduced. When completed a reliable highway connection will be established between Dhaka and the land port of Benapole, the seaport of Mongla and the district capitals of Khulna and Barisal.The provisions for a railway line on the Padma Bridge will make it possible to construct a new railway connection between Dhaka and the Southwest within the framework of the Trans Asian Railway network. Padma Bridge will also include options for major utility connections to the Southwest including gas, power transmission, and communication lines. The Padma Bridge will be the longest bridge of its type with 6. 15 kilometer of length. This will connect the south-western parts with the capital and is expected to save hundreds of thousands of working hours and huge transport costs.The Padma Bridge is a high priority national project. It would change the economic landscape of the south-western region and ultimately uplift the national economy. The project was initially co-financed by the government of Bangladesh, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the Islamic Development Bank. The Bangladesh Bridge Authority is the executing agency of the project. Project cost is estimated to be US$3. 00 billion.Construction of the bridge was expected to commence by early 2011 and be ready for major completion in 2013 and completed all sections by 2015. After the world bank claimed to have found credible evidence of a high-level corruption conspiracy among selected government officials involved in the Padma Bridge project, the funding from the world bank and other donor organizations have stopped. Thus government decided to take alternative sources of funding for this project such a self funding, funding from other particular countries. 2. Back ground of the study Necessity of Padma BridgeThe construction of the bridge would fulfill the long-standing dream of the people of the Southwest region to have a permanent crossing over the Padma River. The Padma Bridge is expected to unlock the potential and transform the lives of nearly 30 million Bangladeshis living in the countrys Southwest region. By reducing distances to major urban centers like Dhaka by almost 100km, the bridge will facilitate regional trade, reduce poverty while accelerating growth and development in the country as a whole. By facilitating transportation across the river, the bridge is expected to lead o a greater integration of regional markets within the Bangladeshi national economy. Given the interdependence of economic activities and sectors, the direct impacts of the Padma Bridge on individual sectors and factor markets are likely to induce a chain of changes in the rest of the sectors of the economy. It will also accelerate the trade between India and Bangladesh to carry the export and imported products in other part of Bangladesh. The industrialization is not very taken place in southwest part of the Bangladesh because of transportation barrier. If the Padma Bridge would have been established within next few years, the industrialization will be increased. The Padma Bridge would not only offer a means for vehicles to cross the river, but it would also include a railway and a conduit for telecommunications, electricity, and natural gas transmission. As a result new job opportunity will be created for the people of the southwestern part of the Bangladesh. Thus, drive the business and economic growth of the country. About Padma River Bangladesh is a riverine country, and the major rivers flowing through it are the Ganges, Jamuna, Meghna, and Padma.Historically, this river system has split Bangladesh into (i) the northwest zone, bordered by the Ganges and Jamuna rivers; (ii) the east zone, which is east of the Jamuna River, where the capital, Dhaka, and the major port, Chittagong, are situated; and (iii) the southwest zone, isolated by the Padma and Ganges rivers. The Padma River is formed by the confluence of the Ganges and the Jamuna rivers. The rivers have their sources in the glaciers of the Himalaya Mountain Range and both drain a huge catchment area in the Indian Plains.The width of the Padma at the project site varied from 2 to 6 km in the period 1976 to present. At present, passengers and freight are transported across the river by ferry and, to a lesser extent, by launches and rowboats. Their services are grossly inadequate in terms of both capacity and service level. Existing ferry services involve long and unpredictable waits at terminals lacking basic amenities. Project Area The project area is located at about 35 Km southwest of Dhaka. The Bridge will be constructed between a site near the village of Mawa, lying north of the Padma River and Janjira on the south side. Components of the project such as approach roads and bridge end facilities will affect an area of 6 km inland on the Mawa side and 4 km inland on the Janjira side; bridge and river training works may even affect a corridor 15 km upstream and 7 km downstream in the river. The 250 km2 project area comprises areas located in 3 separate administrative districts: Munshiganj district on the Mawa side (north bank) and Shariatpur and Madaripur districts on the Janjira side (south bank). Lauhajong and Sreenagar upazilla (sub-district) lie on the north bank and Janjira and Shibchar upazilla lie along the south bank.Environmental Impact Considering that this is a large project involving significant changes in land use and impacts on wildlife. Resettlement Action Plans are needed for the people. A total of 73,329 people will be affected by the construction of the bridge. The government has already allocated $30 million for their rehabilitation. It can reduce Hilsha fish breeding in the river because of waste and hazardous materials. The bridge and associated works are for a large part situated in the active floodplain of the Padma River, which combines the outflow of two of the longest rivers in the world: the Ganges and the Brahmaputra.The project area is densely populated, yet also part of a highly dynamic environment consisting of moving river channels, sandbanks and chars, as well as cultivated temporary wetlands in the floodplain. Socio-Economic Impact The southwest zone has one of the highest poverty rates in Bangladesh, according to the household income and expenditure survey conducted in 2005. While 42% of the population of the whole country lived below the absolute poverty line, the southwest zone had a poverty incidence of 52% in Barisal Division and 46% in Khulna Division.During construction, local unemployed people will gain employment, and increased commercial activity will generate income. The country will be physically integrated through the fixed link, reducing economic disparity and deprivation. An estimate of multiplier effects on the project investment shows the bridge increasing the gross domestic product growth rate by 1. 2% and the regional growth rate in the southwest zone by 3. 5%, generating 743,000 person-years of additional employment, and thereby contributing 1. 2% of the total labor market of Bangladesh.Over the long term, the bridge’s impact on poverty reduction will be more significant, as the share of economic benefits generated by the bridge that will accrue to the poor is larger than the share of the gross domestic product that goes to the poor. Estimates of the benefits accruing to road users, using the conventional approach of estimating savings in vehicle operating and travel time costs, found the project economically viable, with an economic internal rate of return of 15%–20% under different benefit and cost assumptions.The bridge can encompasses Bangladesh’s second major port, Mongla, its third major city, Khulna, and the inland po rt at Benapole bordering India–is due in part to difficult access across the Padma River to the rest of the country. At the same time, it is expected to raise Bangladesh’s GDP by 1. 2%, pushing it over 7% and thus, enabling it to become a middle-income country by World Bank standards, with over $1,000 per capita income by 2020. 3. INITIAL FINANCING OPTION OF PADMA BRIDGE Investment and Financing Plans The project is estimated to cost $2,972 million.This estimate is based on the near-final engineering design of the bridge, approach roads, river training works, and related facilities prepared by the design consultant. Taking into account the financial costs, the total amount needed to finance the Padma Bridge Project is presented in the table below: Table 1. The total estimated financing cost of Padma bridge project Cost Item| Amount($ millions)| Main bridge and approach roads| 1,463. 1| River training works| 685. 4| Land acquisition, resettlement, and environmental management| 278. 8| Consultancy for project supervision| 88. | Project management, technical assistance, and training| 26. 0| Contingencies| 329. 8| Financing Charges During Implementation| 99. 0| Total Cost| 2,972. 0| Funding Arrangement The project cost was estimated to be US$3. 00 billion. Financing plan and loan signing have been finalized with the development partners. Funding for the project is provided by the Asian Development Banks (ADP) US$615, the World Bank (WB) US$1. 5billion, Japan International Corporation Agency US$415million, Islamic Development Bank US$140 million and Government of Bangladesh (GOB) US$600.The government also signed another $14. 84 million agreement with the IDB for the implementation of the water-supply and sanitation project in cyclone-prone coastal areas, and Abu Dhabi Development Group ($30 m). Table 2. The estimated cash inflow from donor agencies. Project Financing Agency| Amount (USD in Millions)| Share of Total(%)| World Bank (WB)| 1200. 00| 41. 17| Asian Development Bank (ADB)| 615. 00| 21. 10| Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA)| 415. 00| 13. 97| Islamic Development Bank (IDB)| 140. 00| 4. 80| Government of Bangladesh (GoB)| 600. 0| 20. 20| Of the total amount, the government will provide Tk 50 million while the rest will come in the form of project aid. The government has requested a loan of $539 million from ADB’s ordinary capital resources to help finance the project The loan will have a 27-year term, including a grace period of 7 years, an annual interest rate determined in accordance with ADB’s London interbank offered rate (LIBOR)-based lending facility; a commitment charge of 0. 15% per year and such other terms and conditions set forth in the draft loan and project agreements.The government has provided ADB with (i) the reasons for its decision to borrow under ADB’s LIBOR-based lending facility based on these terms and conditions, and (ii) an undertaking that these choices were its own independent Decision and not made in reliance on any communication or advice from ADB. The government has requested an additional loan in various currencies equivalent to SDR 48,206,000 from ADB’s Special Funds resources to help finance the project. The loan will have a 32-year term, including a grace period of 8 years, an interest rate of 1. % per annum during the grace period and 1. 5% per annum thereafter, and such other terms and conditions set forth in the draft loan and project agreements. ADB loans will be used to finance part of the cost of the civil works, financing charges during the implementation of the ADB loans, and local taxes and duties estimate d at $80 million on ADB-financed expenditures. The taxes and duties are estimated to amount to 19. 5% of the total project cost, which is not excessive considering the high share of imported materials for bridge works.The government will finance a large share of land acquisition and resettlement costs in addition to its share of civil works. ADB’s financing of taxes and duties will be material to the success of the project. No taxes or duties in Bangladesh are considered unreasonable or discriminatory. Three co-financiers will provide a total of $1,640 million through parallel co-financing. ADB assistance through the ongoing loan for design and other pre-construction activities has facilitated the partner’s participation as co-financiers in the project. The below table has shown the interest rate and loan period charged by the donors for their loan for this Padma bridge project. Table 3. Rate of interest on loan from different financial institution Item| ADB| World Bank| JICA| IDB| | OCR | ADF | | | | Loan or credit amount ($millions)| 539| 76| 1200| 415| 140| Interest rate| LIBOR+0. 3%| 1. 0%| 0. 75%| 0. 01%| LIBOR+1. 2%| Other fees and charges| 0. 15%| 0%| 0%| 0%| 0%| Loan period (years)| 25| 32| 40| 40| 20| Grace period (years)| 5| 8| 10| 10| 4| The Bangladesh Bridge Authority (BBA) invited the pre-qualification tender for the project in April 2010.Construction of the bridge was expected to commence by early 2011 and be ready for major completion in 2013 and complete all sections by late 2015. BBA will be the executing agency. The project implementation unit established for the ongoing TA loan and its supplementary loan will be expanded into a project management unit with sufficient staff to handle the wide range of tasks involved in project implementation. The project management unit will be headed by a project director, who will be reporting to the executive director of BBA, and will be staffed with qualified engineers and experts recruited both internally and externally.The panel of experts, which was established during the design phase and provided the project implementation unit with indep endent advisory support, will continue to provide similar support during construction. The proposed Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project will provide direct connectivity between the central and southwestern part of the country through a fixed link on the Padma River at Mawa-Janjira points. The bridge will contribute significantly towards facilitating the social, economic and industrial development of this relatively underdeveloped region with a population of over 30 million.The area of influence of the direct benefit of the project is about 44,000Â  km2 or 29% of the total area of Bangladesh. Therefore, the project is viewed as very important infrastructure towards improving the transportation network and regional economic development of the country. The bridge has provisions for rail, gas, electric line and fiber optic cable for future expansion. Â  As Padma bridge multipurpose project is one of the top agenda among current affairs relative to Bangladesh.It is also regarding as a blessing to inhabitants of south-west region of the country because it will link northern and eastern part of the country to that region. According to Bangladesh bridge authority, project’s initial investment will be a around US$2. 97 billion and so far fund worth of around US$2. 92 billion has been arrange by the authority. After the cancellation of World Bank loan the question rose that, what method of financing should be chosen for this project as the economy of Bangladesh is a small and project of such magnitude will have greater influence the economy. For example, In recent ears, government have implemented expansionary fiscal policy(Providing Subsidies)for quick rental power plant, which eventually put the economy under pressure and force internal borrowing rate and interest rate to soar as a result many banks faced liquidity crisis. Therefore, the process of financing this project is very much crucial for future economic situation of the country. Undoubtedly, this project is one of the biggest projects after the Jamuna bridge and its financing has become an important fact as well. We will discuss about the available financing options in hand after the cancellation of World Bank loan.Fund collection through ADP Shakespeare wrote in Macbeth, Life is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. Funnily enough, you could say the same about the politics of development in Bangladesh. It is hardly a surprise that the World Banks cancellation of the Padma bridge project has created so much sound and fury. What is not sound and fury though is the fact that we do not need WB loans to build the Padma Bridge. The government has announced that the Padma bridge will cost Tk 23,000 crore over 4 years.This years budget forecasts show that the total Annual Development Program (ADP) budget for the next 4 years is expected to be more than Tk 300,000 crore. In other words, the Padma Bridge will cost about 8% of the ADP budget. The simple fact of the matter is that the government can finance this bridge from the ADP budget alone. However, ADP financing of the bridge will make it relatively expensive because our ADP budgets are mostly financed through direct government borrowing from the banking sector at interest rates of up to 11-12%. It will definitely be more expensive than the 0. 5% concessional interest rate that the WB was offering on its loan. If the cost of financing matters a lot, it begs the question: why does the government even bother having its own development agenda? If the ADP budget is deficit-financed at high interest rates, and donors can implement the same projects at a cheaper rate, why isnt the entire ADP budget outsourced to donors? This much is obvious if the government is going to finance its own development budget, regardless of whether the interest rate it pays is 1% or 11%, the government might as well build the bridge with ADP money.Let us crunch some numbers on this. It has been reported that 60-70% of the project cost will be in the form of imports of capital machinery, materials, consultancy services etc. With the total project cost estimated to be Tk 23,000 crore, let us assume that the import cost will be Tk 16,000 crore (about 70%) over the next 4 years. That translates to a Tk 4,000 crore annual increases in the demand for US dollars. In other words, all other things held equal, our trade deficit will rise by Tk 4,000 crore due to higher imports to build the bridge. Well, let us put things into perspective.In the first 9 months of the last fiscal year (2011-12), we imported Tk 220,956 crore worth of goods and services. That means the increase in US dollar demand from Padma Bridge-related imports would be equivalent to only 2% of the import demand for foreign exchange in the last fiscal year. What impact will a 2% increase in the trade deficit have on the exchange rate? Perhaps the chart below can help with the answer. It shows the annual percentage change in the trade deficit, the foreign exchange reserve balance and the US dollar-taka exchange rate for the last 10 years. A 2% increase in the trade deficit would hardly register on that chart.Our trade deficit fluctuates a lot every year. In FY 2010-11, the trade deficit rose by 46%. And yet, the exchange rate only depreciated by 3%. The reason for that is because up until recently, the Bangladesh Bank (BB) used to maintain a pretty tight dirty float, which basically means that BB did not allow the exchange rate to fluctuate very heavily. Figure: annual percentage change in external balances that could affect the financing of the padma project More recently, in the last fiscal year, the exchange rate depreciated by nearly 11%, even though the trade deficit actually fell by 4%.The reason for the depreciation is, as the chart shows, our foreign exchange reserve balance fell by 13%. It was the reason why BB borrowed $1 billion from the IMF, essentially to avert the mini balance of payment crisis at the time. In any case, the important point to note here is that a 2% increase in the trade deficit will hardly cause a ripple as far as the balance of payment situation goes. So concerns that converting locally-raised Padma funds in to foreign exchange is going to precipitate a balance of payment crisis is highly exaggerated, to say the least.A look at our past experience with the Jamuna Bridge might be useful at this point. The Jamuna Bridge was completed in 1998 at a total cost of $696 million. The WB, ADB and OECD between them donated $600 million for the project, and the Government chipped in with the rest. The bridge was built by Hyundai, one of South Koreas biggest conglomerates, that is no doubt well-known for their very safe cars. By the mid-2000s, just a few years after construction, cracks appeared on the bridge.An investigation by BUET engineers found that the cracks were partially caused by Hyundais faulty design, as well as the unregulated use of the bridge by excessively heavy trucks. At the end of the day, both causes are really the fault of past governments. And what about the other half a dozen smaller, but important bridges that have been built since that time? How well are those bridges being maintained? Going back to the example of the Jamuna Bridge, the fact that the bridge design was faulty, even for a project that was heavily supervised by donors, points to a simple fact.There is no substitute for the government doing its job honestly and properly. No amount of donor paperwork and process of checks-and-balances will excuse the government from its duty to conduct due diligence. The government is the final arbiter of its own interest, and it has to perform by building the Padma Bridge on time and without cutting any corners. The Jamuna Bridge was first proposed by the late Maulana Bhashani in 1949. The first feasibility study of the bridge was not done until 20 years later in 1969, with the study estimating the cost to be $175 million.Following liberation, a new feasibility study conducted by the Japanese donor agency, JICA, concluded that the bridge would not be economically viable, so the project was dropped. It was then revived by the administration of General Ershad in 1982, with Mr Muhith as the Generals then finance minister. The bridge design was changed and the new estimated cost stood at $420 million. The Ershad administration even went as far as raising Tk 500 crores in funds through surcharges and levies.But it failed to start construction, which subsequently began under the BNP government in 1994 and was completed by the AL government in 1998, at a cost of $696 million. It took us 49 years and a 300% cost blow-out (mostly due to inflation) to implement Maulana Bhashanis proposal. Surely, a Padma bridge that takes us 25 years to build and only has a 150% cost blow-out is a measure of progress, no? That might be a bit of rhetorical sound and fury signifying nothing, but what is not insignificant is that we have the money to build this bridge. Fund Collection through BondRaising capital by issuing bonds is a popular alternative to selling shares, as it allows a company to avoid relinquishing ownership of part of the business. A bond is a loan in the form of a debt security. The authorized issuer (the borrower) owes the bondholder (the lender) a debt and has an obligation to repay the principal and the coupon (interest) on the maturity of the loan. Bonds enable the issuer to finance long-term investments with external funds. We must admit that financing the entire project from the ADP budget is not the best idea in the world. Some portion of it can be ADP-financed, but definitely not all of it.There are significant benefits to be had from using other funding sources. Issuing sovereign bonds in the local market (including zero-coupon convertible bonds), and subsequently allowing those bonds to be traded on a secondary market will help create a more liquid sovereign bond market in our country. That in turn will enable the development of a vibrant corporate bond market, lowering the cost of funding as well as systemic risk for local businesses that are currently over-reliant on bank borrowing and private funding arrangement may also be another alternative source of financing regarding Padma bridge.Furthermore, deeper bond markets will provide greater investment choices to investors, which can help prevent the kind of price bubble we saw in the stock market a couple of years ago or are experiencing currently in the real estate market. The essential point is: raising funds from the local capital market will lead to a number of wider benefits. Zero-coupon corporate bonds are most prevalent in the high-yield market, where their lack of coupon payments in the first several years provides liquidity in a key period for bonds used to finance acquisitions, restructuring, or other immediate cash flow needs.Many high-yield zero-coupon bonds have a structure which reflects this time series, and in fact begin making coupon payments after 3-7 years of coupon less existence. Taking on debt by issuing bonds is usually cheaper than either a bank overdraft or the cost of raising equity through a share issue. A major advantage is that the return on debt (interest) is tax-deductible, whereas the return on equity (dividends) is paid out of a company’s profits, which are taxed before dividend payments can be made to stockholders.Financing by raising debt is a useful way of monitoring a corporation’s overall health, as t he ability to repay the debt reflects the overall financial stability of the company. Bonds offer a more secure return for investors—dividends are paid out purely at the discretion of the company, whereas interest on debt must be paid according to the set terms of the bond. Private Fund Collections No one is contending the fact that Bangladesh can build a bridge using its own resources.The questions are at what cost the proposed Padma Bridge will be built and what will the process of fund collection be. The government has decided to open two bank accounts to collect voluntary public contributions for the project, which we feel is a step in the right direction Although the opening of the bank accounts and declaration of such a move by the government is specifically aimed to avoid incidents like the one that took place at Rajshahi University, the step does not go far enough.While we take some solace in the Finance Ministers statement that no one was assigned to collect money from the public for the construction of the Padma Bridge, it is crucial that the government makes it known through official notification that funds will be collected only through appropriate institutional mechanisms and proper channels. The government can raise funds for the Padma br idge from the surcharge imposed on the individual income, utiliti bills, individual earning and surcharge on the mobile phone talking.It must be made clear that there is no room to ask for contributions through any other means. Should any quarter make attempts to coerce such contributions, legal steps will be taken by the State against such party or parties. Otherwise, chaos will reign supreme in the land and the image of the government is bound to take a nosedive, because, in the final analysis, party-based collection automatically leads to extortion. 5. COST AND BENEFITS ANALYSIS OF DONOR FUND The estimated cost for the Padma Bridge is US$ 2. 9 billion.As per mutual understanding and signed agreement among the government, WB, ADB, IDB and JICA invest and ensure the cash flow. On February 24, 2011, the WB approved a $1. 2 billion IDA credit to Bangladesh for the Padma Multipurpose Bridge project. At that time, the bank mentioned that the 6. 15-kilometer bridge is the largest IDA credit ever. Later on April 28, the government signed an agreement for the credit with IDA, the World Bank’s concessionary arm. ADB, JICA and IDB then joined in the lenders’ pool and made agreement with the overnment for funding the project. According to the agreement, the ADB was to provide $615 million, JICA $400 million and IDB $140 million. Bangladesh government was to invest the rest of $2. 91 billion. Financing by donor is the most practiced process of large projects for the least developing countries like Bangladesh. Interest rates of international financing organizations like WB, ADB, JICA and IDB are low compared to commercial loan. Beside the payback period is long, which will allow the borrower to repay loans without putting any pressure on the economy.If we assume that World Bank did not cancel the proposed loan then the total invested amount would have been refunded within the period of 40 years including 10 years grace periods with only 0. 75 percent concessional interest rate. Financing the project by a donor has more benefits rather than costs. The donor agency not only provides cash flow, but it also creates some space on social regurgitation, reliability, technical advising/support and risk sharing. For example China has enough fund but they receive donor support and the hidden objective is only risk sharing.If the Padma Bridge is funded by international organization then foreign investors will find an assurance of investing industries and projects in nearby area. Areas around the project are more likely to get affected by the development project as it opens door of vast opportunities and development as transportations system between both river bank areas of the bridge will be developed. In addition, foreign firms do not show any interest in projects, which are locally funded by the government in emerging countries unless the project is financed by international organisation.Involvements of foreign firms are also important for a project of such magnitude and local firm may lack technological advantage and skilled labour to handle and execute this project. Another benefit of donor financing is that it allows government to continue the development programmes of education, health and food sector without obstructing their allocated fund. Donor financing cost is relatively small compared to its benefits. Soft loan has a very low interest although the loan size is big and interest payment amount is higher than the normal loan.Beside this, uncertainty is normal and Padma Bridge is also no different one. Expected cash inflows from Padma Bridge are uncertain as any environmental, economic or political event or shock may have adverse effect on the use of Padma Bridge. The loan amount for Padma Bridge project is expected to be paid through revenues generated by the bridge itself. Imposing fee for using the bridge is one way of generating revenue and it will also cover maintenance cost of the bridge as well.Portion of revenue will be used for repayment of interest and soft loan taken for the project. If interest is avoided then the additional amount which will be used for payment of interest and loan could be used for other development projects. 6. COST AND BENEFITS ANALYSIS OF OWN FUND In the first week of July, the government ethically took a decision to build Padma Bridge by own fund after declaration of ‘agreement cancel’ by World Bank. The government has announced that the Padma Bridge will cost Tk 23,000 crore over four years.This years budget forecasts show that the total ADP budget for the next four years is expected to be more than Tk 300,000 crore. In other words, the Padma Bridge will cost about eight per cent of the ADP budget which means the government can finance this bridge from the ADP budget itself. However, ADP financing of the bridge will make it relatively expensive because ADP budgets are mostly financed through direct government borrowing from the banking sector at interest rates of up to 11-12 per cent. It will definitely be more expensive than the 0. 5 per cent concessional interest rate that the WB was offering. Bangladesh does not have any experience in financing large projects by itself but with proper management of fund and thorough execution of policies it is possible to achieve success. If own financing practice is initiated then the likelihood of seeking foreign aid for future projects will reduce. The government will be more confident to take bold decisions for undertaking more development project. Soft loan does have a small interest rate but still interest is considered as cost of borrowing.Self-financing exempt cost of borrowing thus no additional cash outflow will occur regarding financing the project after project completion. Another benefit of self-financing scheme is it attracts investors for investment in the economy because self-financing shows that the economy is strong enough to support its own growth and bright prospects of future growth. Emerging countries provide more opportunity than developed countries because the growth of emerging economies is much higher than developed economies.Own financing also gives the government authority to modify and execute policies it wants to use for the betterment of the economy and the project without any interference of foreign affair. Government controls the whole project and can induce any rules, regulations or policies which will affect it. Self-financing has a big problem to increasing cost of the project. Cost of such project is not always fixed and it increases as construction goes forward. Even, due to some economic shock, government may need to reprioritize its fund allocated for the project and eventually it will obstruct regular project progression.The government is likely to face problem of not convincing an internationally renowned firm for undertaking the project. In emerging countries, internationally renowned firms do not operate their task unless projects are funded by WB, ADB and JICA. Though local firms can be used for the project but local firms in Bangladesh lack the expertise, technology and skills needed to successfully accomplish this project. Last but not the least; Bangladesh government will need to undertake austerity measures to reduce the pressure of this project from the economy. 7. OBSERVATION AND FINDINGSDonor financing is better for Bangladesh because the ‘net social benefit’ is more in donor financing scheme than own financing scheme. The opportunity cost of own financing is much higher than donor financing scheme. If own financing is chosen then other development drives is more likely to face dilemma of going forward or even face a sudden halt. Education, health and employment development are integral part for building a stable and bright future for a nation but funds are also needed to support such development. Soft loan provided for this project is around US$ 2. 4 billion as stated earlier. The amount of interest on loan provided by WB, ADB, JICA and IDB are respectively US$ 249 million, US$ 246 million, US$ 10 million and US$ 54. 60 million. Most of the loan period is 40 years except IDB with 20 years. Thus, the government has enough time to repay the loan and with steady growth in economy will be able to pay back the loan before its maturity as the project will trigger development on project nearby area. Besides, the bridge itself will provide a strong revenue stream through imposing ‘toll rate’ for passing vehicles.With a high traffic scenario, analysts predicted that the bridge itself will be able to repay the loan in 17 years, which shows a financial internal rate of return (FIRR) of 7. 9 per cent in nominal terms. Even in a low traffic scenario, analysts predicted that it will repay in 19 years with a FIRR of 6. 5 per cent. This much is obvious if the government is going to finance its own development budget, regardless of the interest rate, the government might as well build the bridge by the help of ADP.And if the Padma Bridge is not a high priority development work, we do not know how to solve this problem precisely. That said, we must admit that financing the entire project from the ADP budget is not the best idea in the world. Some portion of it can be ADP-financed, but definitely not all of it. There are significant benefits to be had from using other funding sources. Besides, the issue of sovereign bonds in the local market (including zero-coupon convertible bonds), and subsequently allowing those bonds to be traded on a secondary market will help create a more liquid sovereign bond market in our country.That, in turn, will enable the development of a vibrant corporate bond market, lowering the cost of funding as well as systemic risk for local businesses that are currently over-reliant on bank borrowing. However, this line of argument is also not without its critiques. One such critique is that this project will require a large amount of foreign currency, which will be costly to attain if the funds are raised locally and then have to be converted into foreign exchange. That is no doubt a valid cause for concern, but one that is prone to exaggeration.It has been reported that 60-70 per cent of the project cost will be in the form of imports of capital machinery, materials, consultancy services etc. With the total project cost estimated to be Tk 23,000 crore, it can be assumed that the import cost will be around Tk 16,000 crore over the next four years. That translates to a Tk 4,000 crore annual increases in the demand for US dollars. In other words, all other things held equal, our trade deficit will widen by Tk 4,000 crore due to higher imports to build the bridge.This means, in the first nine months of the last fiscal year, Tk 220,956 crore worth of goods and services were imported. That means the increase in US dollar demand from the project related imports would be equivalent to only two per cent of the import demand for foreign exchange in the last fiscal year. In FY 2010-11, the trade deficit rose by 46 per cent. And yet, the exchange rate only depreciated by three per cent. The reason for that is because up until recently, the Bangladesh Bank used to maintain a pretty tight dirty float, which basically means that BB did not allow the exchange rate to fluctuate very heavily. . CONCLUSION All things considered, we do not think it is unreasonable to conclude that we are capable of financing the Padma Bride on our own. That said, financing a bridge and implementing a project of the sheer large scale and complexity as the Padma bridge are two different things. So let us address the real elephant in the room. Does the government have the institutional capability to deliver this project? A project of this size will undoubtedly require the implementation of lots of other side projects, such as dredging the river, river training, construction and maintenance etc.